Claudia B. Haake The State, Removal and Indigenous Peoples in the United States and Mexico, 1620 2000 (2007)

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.22.Hu-DeHart: Yaqui Resistance to Mexican Expansion, p.146.23.See Hu-DeHart: Resistance, p.113.24.Hu-DeHart: Peasant, p.163.25.Especially during this time, more and more pueblos-in-exile were created.For the communities in the US see for instance Spicer and also ThomasR.McGuire: Politics and Ethnicity on the R�o Yaqui: Potam Revisited,Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1986.26.Hu-DeHart: Peasant, p.173.27.Hu-DeHart: Yaqui Resistance to Mexican Expansion, p.164.NOTES TO CHAPTER EIGHT1.Evelyn Hu-DeHart: Development and Rural Rebellion: Pacification ofthe Yaquis in the Late Porfiriato ; in: The Hispanic American HistoricalReview, Volume 54, Durham: Duke University Press, 1974, p.80.2.Letter of the Secretario del Estado to the Prefecto de Guaymas (April 23,1903).AHGES, tomo 1794 (1903).For one contemporary report on the Yaquis work reputation, see RamónCorral: Obras histórias.Hermosillo: Biblioteca Sonorense de Geograf�a eHistoria, 1959, p.200, and also Francisco P.Troncoso: Las guerras con lostribus Yaqui y Mayo, Mexico City: Instituto Nacional Indigenista, 1977, p.44.See also INAH, Sonora 8, for a description of the Yoeme as the ver-dadero pueblo trabajador. (Newspaper article; La Constitución, No.7,Tomo XXI, Hermosillo, dated November 24, 1899.)3.Every tomo in the AHGES makes a mention of raids.4.The shortage of workers is mentioned repeatedly in the governmentalcorrespondence.See for instance AHGES, tomo 1882 (1904).5.See for instance AHGES, tomo 1700 (1902) and 1794 (1903).See alsovarious references in newspaper articles as collected in INAH, primar-ily in the collection entitled Sonora 8.See also CONDUMEX, ColecciónBernardo Reyes, Carpeta 34, Legajo 6738; and Acervos Históricos Uni-versidad Iberoamericana, Colección Porfirio D�az, L15.(Letter from Cor-ral to D�az, June 14, 1890)6. The so-called manzos are the worst of all in the region.The Yaquis aremoving around there, always looking for work, but instead of working theytake note of what is going on.and in the night they go and tell those whoare in the mountains; telling them where they can rob and kill if necessary.Notes to Chapter Eight 247[C.H.] AHGES, tomo 1882 (1904), letter from a shop owner dated October15.7.Probably almost all male Yaquis still living in the Yaqui Valley could be con-sidered rebels.They numbered five or six thousand.See Hu-DeHart: Resis-tance, p.129.8.See Hu-DeHart: Resistance, p.131.The border to Arizona was strictlypatrolled and the Americans involved in the attempt to keep guns and ammu-nition from the Yaquis.See for example AHGES, tomo 1794 (1903) or 1881(1904).9.See Hu-DeHart: Resistance, p.129.10.See for instance Acervos Históricos Universidad Iberoamericana, ColecciónPorfirio D�az, L14 for a discussion of the conditions the soldiers encounteredand complained about.(Letter from General Cervantes to D�az, dated March10, 1889)11.INAH, Sonora 9.(Special newspaper article entitled La Pacificación de laTribu Yaqui, 1912.)12.See AHGES, tomo 1700 (1902).13.According to Evelyn Hu-DeHart this happened between 1895 and 1897.SeeHu-DeHart: Resistance, p.132.While there is not sufficient evidence to com-pletely prove this wrong, there are some indications that the statement maynot entirely hold true.The Boletines Sanitarios show slightly more womenthan men among the persons who had been there the longest.(Indeed, theratio is 18 women to 8 men, looking at arrivals in the time between 1891and 1902.(I have not found anyone arriving earlier.) And the deportee whohad been on Yucat�n the longest and could be found in the boletines was alsoa woman, more specifically two women.They had been on Yucat�n since1891.Among the men, Antonio Garcia, a soldier, had been on the peninsulathe longest (of all the once who were reported in the boletines).He arrived in1894.See AGEY, Poder Ejecutivo, Beneficiencia, 1911, Cajas 749 and 774(Documents dated September 22 and May 13) and AGEY, Poder Ejecutivo,Beneficiencia, 1904, Caja 458.(Document dated June 18, 1904) It is pos-sible, though not very likely, that just none of the earliest deported men didget sick and were hospitalized for Yellow Fever.And the individuals who hadbeen there the longest were also women.Among the arrivals before 1900,there were two women in 1891, a man each in 1894 and 1898, and againtwo women in 1899.In 1900, seven female Yaquis could be found in theboletines, but only one man.14.See Hu-DeHart: Resistance, p.132.15.See AHGES, tomo 1881 (1904), in a letter presumably from Rafael Iz�bal toLuis Torres, dated April 20.16.See Hu-DeHart: Resistance, p.138.17.Hu-DeHart: Resistance, p.138.18.See Hu-DeHart: Resistance, p.140 141.19.As Evelyn Hu-DeHart points out, the rebels acted increasingly independentfrom each other.In this she sees a necessity of guerilla warfare.See Hu-DeHart: Resistance, p.203.20.Ibid, p.144.248 Notes to Chapter Eight21.A circular with rules can be found in 1902.It supplied ten rules to befollowed strictly, as well as an explanation of why these measures hadbecome necessary.The main reason stated was the mixing and exchangeof rebels and workers.See AHGES, tomo 1700 (1902).22.See for instance AHGES, tomo 1632 (1901) or 1700 (1902).Literallytranslated the word means save conduct.23.See AHGES, tomo 1632 (1901).24.See AHGES, tomo 1552 (1900).For documents on gun control see pri-marily AHGES, tomo 1552 (1900) and 1700 (1902).25.See AHGES, tomo 1632 (1901).26.See AHGES, tomo 1700 (1902).27.There was, for instance, the trader from Guyamas who in 1903 com-plained about the weapons he had had in store since 1900, not permit-ted to sell them.He even offered to send them out of the country.Thereare two similar cases in the same year where limited concessions weremade.See AHGES, tomo 1795 (1903).28.See for instance the case of the Maytorenas who were caught smugglingYaquis.See AHGES, tomo 2316 (1908).Complaints about the Maytore-nas can be found as early as 1904.See AHGES, tomo 1882 (1904).29.Hu-DeHart: Resistance, p.156.30.The railroads did use Yaqui labor but even they eventually had to suf-fer from the anti-Yaqui measures.First their workers were put undersurveillance and then they and their families were sent to the state capi-tal ironically by train.There, the same destiny awaited them as didtheir fellow Yoeme.See for instance AHGES, tomo 2193 (1907).31. Even though we have been born here in Sonora [C.H.] Typed copy ofa letter dated April 25, 1904, presumably from the nueve capitanes anddirected to the government.AHGES, tomo 1881 (1904).32. Because we are from here [C.H.] Ibid.33. Even though they are not armed [C.H.] Ibid.34. We don t know what blame we carry. [C.H.] Ibid.35.See Letter dated May 5, 1904 (typed copy).AHGES, tomo 1881(1904).36.See AHGES, tomo 1881 (1904).In response, Iz�bal had a statementpublished in El Imparcial saying he considered the Yaquis �til andduring the war had treated them humanely but had also been forced tocastigate them severely.See AHGES, tomo 1881 (1904).37.See AHGES, tomo 1881 (1904).38.They also claim never to have harmed any passengers, presumably mean-ing travelers.See AHGES, tomo 1881 (1904).39.AHGES, tomo 1881 (1904).40.Most applications to return servants were turned down.One exceptioncan be found in 1902, when a Yaqui upon request was sent back tohis employer but was to be kept under surveillance.See AHGES, tomo1700 (1902).At other times, not even the vouching of several people didachieve this [ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]

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