Sultans Shamans and Saints Islam

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.He governed with the assistance of a council and a small administration, but his rule was built on personal following.Accordingly, he had a large retinue of adherents, mostly purchased slaves, who accompanied him, defended him, and carried out his orders.He received the strong support of Muslim teachers ( c alim), and used suicide commandos, dedicated by those Muslim functionaries, against the Spanish, once using forty of them in a single campaign.Neighboring states feared him more than they did the Spanish and consequently made agreements with the Spanish to oppose him.Ultimately,3Fed_89-158 10/29/06 10:21 AM Page 120120New Muslim Institutions (1800–1945)Spanish diplomacy was successful in wooing all of Dato Utto’s allies away from him, so he was isolated and rendered ineffective as a political personality.At this time the Maguindanao sultanate was in decline and chose not to oppose the Spanish conquest of the area.The Maranao in the north-central region around Lake Lanao was militarily reduced in the 1890s, but resistance continued in the form of suicide commandos, ambuscades, and attacks on Spanish outposts.The American Colonial SystemThe United States replaced the Spanish in the Philippine Islands in 1898as a result of the Battle of Manila Bay, and its control was verified shortly thereafter in the Treaty of Paris.The Spanish assertion that the southern islands of the archipelago were part of the colonial possessions it was turning over to the Americans was accepted.The Bates Treaty of 1898 between the United States and the sultan of Sulu, Jamal Kiram I (r.1894–1904), gave the former further legitimacy in the region, although it was not until after the Philippine-American War (1900–1906) that the United States sent in forces to assert an actual claim.There followed the establishment of army camps and administrative centers from which U.S.officials attempted to enforce their governance.The American system was centered at the capital, Manila on the island of Luzon, which had also been the Spanish capital.In the Muslim territories of the south the “Moro Province” was established, with governors, military officers on active duty except for the last one, who was a civilian.This arrangement lasted until 1916 when the region was divided into “presidencies” along the lines of the Philippine administrative arrangements elsewhere in the archipelago.The welfare of the Muslims was also safeguarded by the Bureau of Non-Christian Tribes, later the Commission for Mindanao and Sulu, and was charged with preparing the Muslims and other minority peoples for entry into full participation in Philippine society and government.In general, however, limited protection of established customs, and very little preparation for “integration” into wider Philippine society, actually occurred.There was considerable Muslim displeasure with the entire governmental system imposed on the Muslim population.Initially the population disliked American military and constabulary presence because it interfered with the long-held practice of intergroup feuding, in which neighboring groups bearing grudges attacked and counterattacked one another in low-level fighting, that was sometime mock battle and at other times in earnest.The Americans countered these conflicts with military expeditions, with dis-astrous results for the Muslims opposing them.These “uprisings” continued throughout the era, although they lessened considerably in intensity and number by the late 1920s, when the governorship of Frank Carpenter (term3Fed_89-158 10/29/06 10:21 AM Page 121The Political Situation121of office 1914–1920) brought most Muslim groups to acceptance of American rule.There was also considerable unhappiness over the decision of the United States to combine the Muslim territories into the Philippine Republic, as it handed control of the Muslim areas over to a government of His-panicized Christians who had long been enemies of the Muslims.No attempt was made to structure institutions that would assist the local Muslims to realize their religious obligations, although some nonofficial institutions did function [ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]

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