minimalist syntax radford by Andrew Radford,

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.g.the time, place or manner in which an event takes place.Another way in which it is used is to denote aconstituent which has been attached to another to form a larger constituent of the same type.(SeeAdjunction).Adjunction: This is a process by which one constituent is adjoined (= attached) to another to form a largerconstituent of the same type.For example, we could say that in a sentence like He should not go , thenegative particle not (in the guise of its contracted form n t) can be adjoined to the auxiliary should toform the negative auxiliary shouldn t.In a sentence such as He gently rolled the ball down the hill, theadverb gently can be taken to be an adverb which adjoins to an verbal projection, extending it into a largerprojection of the same kind: see �9.4. 303Adposition: A cover term subsuming preposition and postposition.For example, the English word in is apreposition since it is positioned before its complement (cf.in Tokyo), whereas its Japanese counterpart isa postposition because it is positioned after its complement Tokyo.Both words are adpositions.ADV/Adverb: This is a category of word which typically indicates manner (e.g. wait patiently ) ordegree (e.g. exceedingly patient ).In English, most (but not all) adverbs end in -ly (cf.quickly - but alsoalmost).See �2.2 and 2.3.AFF: See AffixAffective: An affective constituent is an (e.g.negative, interrogative or conditional) expression which canhave a polarity expression like (partitive) any in its scope.So, for example, interrogative if is an affectiveconstituent as we see from the fact that an interrogative if-clause can contain partitive any in a sentencesuch as I wonder if he has any news about Jim.Affix/Affixal: The term affix typically used to describe a grammatical morpheme which cannot stand onits own as an independent word, but which must be attached to a host word of an appropriate kind.Anaffix which attaches to the beginning of a word (e.g.un- in unhappy) is called a prefix: an affix whichattaches to the end of a word (e.g.-s in chases) is called a suffix.An affixal head is one which behaveslike an affix in needing to attach to a particular kind of host word.See also Clitic.Affix Hopping is anoperation by which an unattached affix in T is lowered onto a verb: see �4.4.Affix Attachment is anoperation whereby an unattached tense affix lowers onto a verb where possible, but is otherwise supportedby use of the dummy auxiliary do: see �5.8.AGENT: This is a term used to describe the semantic (= thematic) role which a particular type of argumentplays in a given sentence.It typically denotes a person who deliberately causes some state of affairs tocome about - hence e.g.John plays the thematic role of AGENT in a sentence such as John smashed thebottle.See �7.5.Agreement: An operation by which (e.g.in a sentence like They are lying) the person/number features ofthe T-constituent are get assigned the same values as those of its subject they, so that the present-tenseauxiliary are is third person plural because it agrees in person and number with its third person pluralsubject they.See ch.8.A-head: An A-head is the kind of head (like T) which allows as its specifier an argument expression butnot an adjunct expression.An A-bar head is the kind of head (like C) which allows as its specifier eitheran argument or an adjunct expression.Allomorphs: variant phonetic forms of a single morpheme.For example, the noun plural morpheme {s}in English has the three allomorphs /s/ (e.g.in cats) /z/ (e.g.in dogs) and /Iz/ (e.g.in horses).A-movement: Movement from one A position to another (typically, from a subject or complementposition into another subject position).See ch.7.A-position: A position which can be occupied by an argument, but not by a nonargument expression(e.g.not by an adjunct).In practice, the term denotes a subject position, or a lexical complement position(i.e.a position occupied by a constituent which is the complement of a lexical/substantive head).Anaphor: This is an expression (like himself) which cannot have independent reference, but which musttake its reference from an appropriate antecedent (i.e.expression which it refers to) within the samephrase or sentence.Hence, while we can say John is deluding himself (where himself refers back toJohn), we cannot say * Himself is waiting , since the anaphor himself here has no antecedent.Atraditional distinction is drawn between reflexive anaphors (i.e [ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]

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