Anna Proudfoot and Francesco Cardo Modern Italian Grammar(1)

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.(SeeSection IV throughout) Here are some examples:Object: Ho detto che sono stanco.I said that I am tired.Subject: � meglio che tu vada a letto.It's better that you go to bed.Consequence: Sono cos� stanco che andrei a letto subito.I'm so tired that I'd go t o bed immediately.Comparison: � pi� facile dirlo che farlo.It's easier to say it t han to do it.5.3.2Perch�Cause: Mio figlio piange perch� ha fame.My son is crying because he is hungry.Purpose: Ti parlo perch� tu possa capirmi.I am speaking to you so that you can understand.Indirect question: Dimmi perch� vuoi andare via.Tell me why you want to go awayFor more information on purpose and reason, see Chapters 33 and 34; forindirect questions, see Chapter 31.5.3.3SeCondition: Se piove non esco.If it rains I won't go out.Se avessi i soldi farei un viaggio negliUSA.If I had the money I'd go on a t rip to theUSA.Indirect question: Dimmi se capisci.Tell me whether you understand (or not).122 MODERN ITALIAN GRAMMARFor more details on the use of se in `if' clauses, as in the first two examples, see38.2 and 38.3.5.3.4Quando, mentre, appenaTime: Scrivimi appena arrivi.Write to me as soon as you arrive.Quando l ho visto l ho salutato.When I saw him I said hello.Sono arrivato mentre telefonavi.I arrived while you were on the phone.For further information on time, see Chapter 36.Indirect question: Non so quando mi pagheranno.I don't know when they'll pay me.5.3.5Affinch�, bench�, sebbene, purch�, prima che, senza cheSome conjunctions require the use of the subjunctive mood.This is because ofthe meaning of the conjunction, and the nature of the relationship between themain verb and the dependent verb (see 2.3.15):Concessive: neanche se `not even if, anche se `evenif', nonostante `despite', bench�`although', sebbene `even though'Sono venuto in uffico, nonostante avessila febbre.I came to the office, although I had afever.Non vorrei una motocicletta neanche seme laI wouldn't like to have a motorbike noteven if I was given one for free.Purpose: perch�, affinch� `so that', `in order to'Il direttore ha dato un computer allasegretaria perch� lavorasse meglio.The manager bought the secretary acomputer so that she could work better.Restrictive: a meno che `unless', senza che `without',`unless', tranne che `except that', salvoSTRUCTURES 123che `unless', `except for', nel caso (che)`just in case'Possiamo andare, a meno che tu nonabbia ancora da fare.We can go now, unless you still havesomething to do.Ti lascio le chiavi della macchina nelcaso tu ne avessi bisogno.I'll leave you my car keys, just in case youmight need them.For information on these types of sentences, see Chapters 33 and 39.6Adverbs6.1What is an adverb?Adverbs are invariable words whose main function is to modify the meaning of averb.This function can be compared to that of adjectives qualifying a noun.Adjective: Viviamo uno vita tranquilla.We live a quiet life.Adverb: Viviamo tranquillamente.We live quietly.However certain adverbs such as molto, poco (see 6.2.2) can also be used tomodify other words, in particular adjectives or other adverbs:La mia vita � molto tranquilla.My life is very quiet.Viviamo molto tranquillamente.We live very quietly.6.2Types of adverbs6.2.1Adverbs formed with -menteThe most typical form of Italian adverbs is that derived from an adjective, withthe addition of the suffix -mente.This is similar to the English pattern of adverbsformed with the suffix `-ly' (qui et/quietly, slow/slowly).(a) For adjectives in the first group (-o/-a/-i/-e type, see 1.4.2) -mente is addedto the feminine singular form (ending in -a):STRUCTURES 125tranquillo tranquillamente lento lentamenteattento attentamente serio seriamente(b) For adjectives in the second group (the -e/-i type), the suffix -mente is simplyadded to their singular form; with adjectives ending in -le and -re, the e isdropped first:semplice semplicemente veloce velocementefacile facilmente particolare particolarmente6.2.2Adjectives used as adverbsSome of the most commonly used adverbs in Italian are in fact also used asadjectives: molto, poco, troppo, tanto, quanto.When used as adjectives thesewords must agree in gender and number with the noun that they qualify,following the pattern -o/-a/-i/-e.They are, however, invariable (keeping themasculine singular form) when they are used as adverbs:Used as an adjective:Ho molti amici.I have many (boy) friends.Ho molte amiche.I have many (girl) friends.Used as an adverb:Lavoro molto.I work a lot.Lavoriamo molto.We work a lot.Carla � molto stanca.Carla is very tired.Gianni � molto stanco.Gianni is very tired.Many other adjectives are used as adverbs without any change in form:Non ti capisco quando parli veloce (=velocemente).I don't understand you when you speak fast.Capisco bene quando parli chiaro (=chiaramente).I understand well when you speak clearly126 MODERN ITALIAN GRAMMAR6.2.3Prepositional phrases used as adverbsAnother alternative to an adverb, is a phrase consisting of noun and preposition,for example:Ha guidato con molta attenzione.He drove with great care.Gli studenti devono imparare a lavorare in modo autonomo.The students have to learn to work independently.For more information on the use of adverbial phrases, etc., see Chapter 37.6.2.4Simple adverbsSome adverbs are not derived from, or connected to, any adjective.They arewords used exclusively as adverbs.Here is a list of the most common of these,divided into categories by meaning [ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]

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